cast strut and tie manual

cast strut and tie manual

Join Eng-Tips Forums! By joining you are opting in to receive e-mail. Students Click Here Eng-Tips Posting Policies I can't find the download for this program anywhere. Does anyone know if it is still available. The only download I have found is from a website in Thailand. Ideally, I'd like to find a more reputable source. Dale You could try emailing him. I tried a few months ago with no luck. I'd like to avoid this site unless someone has experience with it. It's been a couple years since I have even used it. Copy of zip file attached. The program is about 10 years old, but seems to function OK. Subdirectory of installed directory has examples and these can be fairly complex. Haven't checked the program out, but, seems like a good analysis program. Dik Only issue is the help file seems to be missing. Anyone got a working help file or tutorial running around. Professional Engineer (ME, NH, MA) Structural Engineer (IL) American Concrete Industries Best one I've found so far and has gotten me most of the way there. I'll keep searching for more. Professional Engineer (ME, NH, MA) Structural Engineer (IL) American Concrete Industries I might see if I can open the help file on my old Windows XP machine. Professional Engineer (ME, NH, MA) Structural Engineer (IL) American Concrete Industries For anything later than Windows XP, you need to download a microsoft help file reader. Any ideas on why the development of the program was discontinued. Or if there are any similar programs under development?.seams like a useful tool for sanity checks. Very easy to do - tutorials on youtube. All you need is a key for whatever version of windows you need to run. Win XP key's are littered all over the internet since their support has gone away from MS. -Mac The professor that created it moved to another school. Maybe the rights to the program belong to his previous school. Fachwerk seems to be the other free program.

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I started playing around with it but didn't get too far Professional Engineer (ME, NH, MA) Structural Engineer (IL) American Concrete Industries Reasons such as off-topic, duplicates, flames, illegal, vulgar, or students posting their homework. The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action. Already a Member? Login Download Now Beyond the design, products need to solve real-life problems or provide huge benefits that genuinely merit separating money from wallets. Download Now That’s what you do. But you just never know what challenges your customers will throw at you next. In this eBook, you’ll be introduced to five machinery companies that recently modernized their entire design and manufacturing process with one key decision. Download Now Vicarious Surgical (Surgical Robots) Download Now Unauthorized reproduction or linking forbidden without expressed written permission. Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Privacy Policy. It's easy to join and it's free. Citations (8) References (12) Abstract The Strut-and-Tie Method (STM) is an emerging procedure for the design of D- (Discontinuity) Regions. D-Regions are those parts of a structure in which there is a complex variation in strain, such as corbels, deep beams, joints, and walls with openings. The STM design process involves idealizing that an internal truss carries the load through the discontinuity region to its boundaries, providing sufficient reinforcement to serve as the tension ties, and then checking that the compressive struts and nodal zones (joints) are sufficiently large enough to support the applied forces. While the STM is conceptually simple, calculating and modifying the dimensions of the truss and its members can be prohibitively time consuming. This paper describes a graphical design tool that enables the user to draw the D-Region to be designed, draw an internal supporting truss, select member dimensions, and select tension tie reinforcement.

The program continuously recalculates the truss and nodal zone forces (and stresses), and thereby creates an efficient interactive STM design tool. Request full-text Citations (8) References (12). Due to the interest that the STM has taken during the last decades, an e ort to automatise its application has been done by di erent research groups all around the world. The interface allows the user to manually propose a suitable ST model whose distribution of elements follows the trajectory of the linear elastic stresses... To help the user in the selection of a truss, an elastic finite element analysis feature is being developed to generate stress contours and principal stress trajectories. Nevertheless these approaches allow the designer to provide satisfactory models with relative ease, the manual trial-and-error-method used to compare one model to another is still present.. Strut-and-Tie models for the design of non-flexural elements: computational aided approach Thesis Full-text available Jul 2018 Gustavo Mendoza-Chavez Guillaume Herve-Secourgeon Within the field of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures and more specifically, at the design of non-flexural elements such as corbels, nibs, and deep beams, the rational procedure of conception and justification referred as Strut-and-Tie Method (STM) has shown some advantages over classical algorithms of reinforcement computation based on FE analysis (eg. The CAST is a graphical design tool that allows the user to customize D-regions, draw an internal truss, check the nodes, select the width of strut members and tie reinforcement.. Probabilistic assessment of load-bearing capacity of deep beams designed by strut-and-tie method Article Full-text available Jan 2019 Lidia Buda-Ozog This paper presents probabilistic assessment of load-bearing capacity and reliability for different STM of deep beams.

Six deep beams having different reinforcement arrangement obtained on the basis of STM but the same overall geometry and loading pattern were analysed. The used strut-and-tie models for D-regions of analysed elements have been verified and optimised by different researchers. In order to assess load-bearing capacity of these elements probabilistically, stochastic modelling was performed. In the presented probabilistic analysis of deep beams designed, the ATENA software, the SARA software and the CAST (computer-aided strut-and-tie) design tool were used. The reliability analysis shown that STM optimization should be a multi-criteria issue so that the obtained models were characterized by optimal stiffness with the assumed volume or weight and maximum reliability. View Show abstract. In the example, the structural analysis uses the STM approach performed with the Computer-Aided-Strut-and-Tie (CAST). In order to perform the acceleration correctly, good decisions must be made. This paper provides a simple structural analysis method based on the strut-and-tie modelling which helps to make such decisions. The strength and stiffness development of concrete at early age is reviewed in the most relevant construction codes and the most suitable formulations are recommended. Then, the strength and stiffness development functions are introduced into the strut-and-tie model and the two-dimensional or three-dimensional structural analysis can be performed. The effect of creep is also included in terms of the creep coefficient so that the long-term consequences of the accelerated construction can be also evaluated. The proposed method is demonstrated in an example of a reinforced concrete pile cap. The method is useful either for engineering practice or for a quick rough verification of complex numerical simulations of hardening concrete when prematurely loaded. A general formulation of this method can be found in Schlaich et al. (1987) and Wight and MacGregor (2012).

By practical reasons, CAST software (Tjhin and Kuchma, 2004) was used for obtaining these structure's strut-and-tie models. In order to obtain a more consistent comparison, the chosen models are very similar to those obtained in SPM's analysis, as shown in Figure 17.. Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams by a Manual Approach of Stringer-Panel Method Article Full-text available Feb 2016 LAT AM J SOLIDS STRU Andre Felipe Mello Rafael Alves de Souza D-regions are defined by its non-linear strain distribution over a cross section. Deep beams are an example of D-regions, as most of its load is usually directly delivered to supports by arch mechanism. The present paper focus on the Stringer-Panel Method (SPM), an alternative procedure to some well-known methods for designing this type of structure, i.e., strut-and-tie method and finite element method. A manual approach of SPM is presented, by means of a simple principle of dividing a structure on two distinct elements: stringers, which absorb normal forces, and panels, which absorb shear forces by membrane action. Two practical examples of deep beams designed using SPM are presented and their overall behavior were investigated by means of non-linear analysis. All rights reserved. View Show abstract Effective compressive strength of strut in CFRP-strengthened reinforced concrete deep beams following ACI 318-11 Article Jan 2014 COMPUT CONCRETE Mohammad Panjehpour Abang Abdullah Abang Ali Yen Lei Voo Farah Abdul aziz Strut-and-tie model (STM) has been recommended by many codes and standards as a rational model for discontinuity regions in structural members. STM has been adopted in ACI building code for analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams since 2002. However, STM recommended by ACI 318-11 is only applicable for analysis of ordinary RC deep beams. This paper aims to develop the STM for CFRP strengthened RC deep beams through the strut effectiveness factor recommended by ACI 318-11.

Two sets of RC deep beams were cast and tested in this research. Each set consisted of six simply-supported specimens loaded in four-point bending. The first set had no CFRP strengthening while the second was strengthened by means of CFRP sheets using two-side wet lay-up system. Each set consisted of six RC deep beams with shear span to effective depth ratio of 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, and 2.00.The value of strut effectiveness factor recommended by ACI 318-11 is modified using a proposed empirical relationship in this research. The empirical relationship is established based on shear span to effective depth ratio. View Show abstract Topologie des champs de contraintes pour l'analyse des structures en beton arme Article Neven Kostic Aurelio Muttoni Eugen Bruhwiler View Increasing Crane Girder Capacity Using the Strut-and-Tie Method Article May 2004 Michael Jordan Jr. Joe Oakley Derrick Lind Thomas Griswold Over recent decades, vessel size and the weight of the heaviest marine containers have increased, resulting in increased crane reactions to the wharves. The larger ships have greater drafts, which require deeper berths. So many of the Port of Oakland's existing wharves cannot carry the heavier crane loads and continue to meet the original design criteria. This paper presents the strut-and-tie method of analysis and new criteria for determining the acceptable crane loads on the existing wharves. For most wharves, the new method of analysis increases the acceptable load. View Show abstract A Simplified Approach to Bridge Substructure Design Article Jan 2011 Geotech Geol Eng Thomas Nicholas Karl E. Barth David M.

Boyajian Strut-and-tie modeling is an analysis and design tool for reinforced concrete elements in which it may be assumed that internalThe tensile ties and compressive struts serve as truss members connectedIn most instances,Therefore, with the formulation of a well-definedThis paper presents a uniform design procedure for employing strut-and-tie modelingAdditionally, a comparison between the strut-and-tieCopyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Basic Tools of Reinforced Concrete Beam Design Article Jan 1985 ACI STRUCT J Peter Marti The application of consistent equilibrium and ultimate strength considerations to the design and detailing of reinforced concrete beams is described. Basic tools include struts and ties, nodes, fans, and arches. Comparisons with experiments on a shearwall coupling beam and on a deep beam, and three design examples illustrates the practical application of these tools. View Show abstract Toward a Consistent Design of Structural Concrete Article Full-text available May 1987 PCI J Jorg Schlaich Kurt Shafer Mattias Jennewein Michael D. Kotsovos A unified design concept, which is consistent for all types of structures and all their parts, is required. To be satisfactory, this concept must be based on realistic physical models. Strut-and-tie models, a generalizatian of the well known truss analogy method for beams, are proposed as the appropriate approach for designing structural concrete, which includes both reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. This report shows how suitable models are developed and proposed criteria according to which the model's elements can be dimensioned uniformly for all possible cases. The concept is explained using numerous design examples, many of which treat the effect of prestress. View Show abstract Design and detailing of structural concrete using strut-and-tie models Article Jan 1991 J.

Schlaich So-called 'details' are as important for a structure's behaviour and safety as the standard problems of design which are covered in the Codes. A unified design concept which covers also the details consistently for all types of concrete structure is described in this paper. It is based on strut-and-tie models, including the truss model for beams as a special case. After the principles of the method and the modelling process are explained, simplified rules are proposed for dimensioning all the individual members of the model and their nodes. Some examples show the application of the method and demonstrate, also, its use for the improvement of the conceptual design of details. View Show abstract Computer Graphics in Truss-Model Design Approach Article Jul 1989 J COMPUT CIVIL ENG Salah Benabdallah Julio Ramirez Robert H. Lee The main objective of this paper is to extend and simplify the use of truss models in the design of reinforced concrete members for flexure and shear by means of user-friendly, interactive computer graphics. An interactive computer-graphics program, which replaces the traditional drawing board and calculator in the development of truss models for reinforced concrete members, is presented. The interactive program allows the designer to input the selected truss model graphically, then analyze it, display the results and revise the truss model if necessary. The interaction between the graphics and analysis tools was found to be the most efficient method to transfer the truss parameters to the analysis routines. The features of the truss-model program are demonstrated with the design example of an inverted-T bent cap in a bridge structure. View Show abstract Computer Graphics in Detailing Strut-Tie Models Article Apr 1992 J COMPUT CIVIL ENG Abdulsalam Alshegeir Julio Ramirez An interactive computer-graphics program implementing the strut-tie model approach for analysis and design of reinforced and prestressed concrete members is presented.

The program consists of three parts. The first and second parts can be considered as a pre- and postprocessor for a finite element code to analyze plane stress and plane strain problems as well as plane truss problems. The results of the first part (direction of compressive principal stresses) provide guidance in the development of strut-tie models. In the second part of the program, the chosen strut-tie model is analyzed to determine the forces in the individual components of the model. The third part is a design routine for dimensioning and detailing the components of the proposed strut-tie model (struts, nodes, ties). The features and the interaction between the parts of the program are demonstrated with the design of a reinforced concrete, dapped-end beam. Computer graphics is shown to be an efficient way to develop and detail strut-tie models for the design of reinforced concrete structures. View Show abstract Computer Graphics for Nonlinear Strut-Tie Model Approach Article Apr 2000 J COMPUT CIVIL ENG Young Mook Yun This paper presents an interactive computer graphics program for implementing the nonlinear strut-tie model approach for the practical design and analysis of disturbed regions in structural concrete. The graphics program consists of three parts. The first and second parts are considered as the pro- and post-processors for a nonlinear finite-element analysis of 2D plain concrete and plane truss structures. The results of the first part provide guidance in the development of strut-tie models and in the evaluation of effective strength levels for concrete struts. The third part is a design routine for dimensioning and detailing the components of the developed strut-tie model. This graphics program implementing the nonlinear strut-tie model approach has been shown to bc efficient in the development, analysis, and detailing of strut-tie models for the analysis and design of structural concrete including disturbed regions.

View Show abstract Strength of Struts and Nodes in Strut-Tie Model Article Jan 1996 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE young mook Yun Julio Ramirez General approaches for determining the effective stress levels of concrete struts and for verifying the bearing capacity of nodal zones in strut-tie models are proposed. The effective stress levels of concrete struts are determined by implementing the principal stress ratios of the finite elements (used in the finite-element nonlinear analysis of a two-dimensional plain concrete) corresponding to the strut regions of the strutie model. Based on the obtained geometry of the struts, nodal zones are developed and their bearing capacity is verified using a finite-element nonlinear analysis with a failure criteria that incorporates the different state of stresses. To illustrate the proposed approaches, an analysis of a reinforced concrete beam tested to failure is conducted using the strut-tie model approach with the aid of interactive computer graphics program NL-STAT. View Show abstract Recommended publications Discover more Article Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy Matrix Composite Reinforced with nano-par. Hardness and compression tests were carried out in order to identify mechanical properties. Read more Article Full-text available IMPROVING THE STRUT AND TIE METHOD BY INCLUDING THE CONCRETE SOFTENING EFFECT March 2016 Mohammed Rasheed Sawsan Akram Hassan Sara Saad Strut and tie model approach evolves as one of the most useful analysis methods for shear critical structures and for other disturbed regions in concrete structures. The main objective of this research is modified the strut and tie method. To support the theoretical work eleven simply supported reinforced concrete deep beams have been casting and testing. The parameters considered in this study are; shear span to total depth, compression strength of concrete, vertical web reinforcement and horizontal web reinforcement.

The effect of these variables on the; cracking load, ultimate load, load-midspan deflection response, crack pattern, and strains of concrete and steel reinforcement have been studied. According to the experimental results, a relationship between the correction factor (?) and the variables (shear span to total depth ratio, concrete compression strength, vertical web reinforcement and horizontal web reinforcement was assumed. The reinforcements and matrix have a 101 growth direction along the axial direction of the produced material. Specimens were loaded dynamically under compression using a split-Hopkinson pressure bar. Deformation mechanisms were examined using postmortem microscopy. Read more Article Full-text available Effect of structure design on compressive properties and energy absorption behavior of ordered porou. The results showed that high density truss structure and strengthened truss structure exhibited higher compressive properties, resulting from short struts and strengthened joints. The energy absorption behavior of these structures showed similar tendency to their compressive properties. Strengthened truss structure and graded truss structure were capable of exhibiting higher specific compressive properties. Structure design to transform the deformation mechanism was effective for improving compressive properties and energy absorption behavior. Moreover, the results demonstrated that deformation processes depended on the comprehensive effect of ordered porous structures and matrix materials, indicating that the stretching-dominated mechanism combined with high strength matrix was conducive to higher compressive strength. Based on structure design in this study, ordered porous aluminum prepared by rapid casting showed more superior compressive properties and energy absorption behavior than other existed preparation methods. December 1974 K.F.

Sahm The production of aluminum matrix (AlMgSi1) short-SiC-fiber reinforced composites by pressure casting (also called pressure infiltration), hot compression, and extrusion is described Representative mechanical properties are shown. The best results are obtained with pressure infiltration. Read more Article Hot deformation behaviors of Bi 2O 3-coated Al 18B 4O 33 whisker reinforced aluminum matrix composit. The hot extrusion and compression behaviors of composites with different Bi2O3 coating contents are investigated. Moreover, unlike many surface cracks can be seen in the extruded composite without whisker coating, the surface crack-free extruded rods can be obtained for composites with whisker coating. For the as-cast or extruded Bi2O3 coated Al18B4O33 whisker-reinforced pure aluminum matrix composites, a suitable Bi2O3 coating content exists for the optimization of the ultimate tensile strength and elongation to fracture. Read more Article Microstructure and deformation behavior of Zr-based bulk metallic glass composite reinforced with Si. The results indicate that the microstructure of the interface between matrix and SiC particle has strong effect on the compressive properties of the composites. The limited ZrC, a interfacial reaction product, can effectively improve the interfacial cohesion, transfer the loading and accordingly hinder the localization of dense shear bands and induce the multiplication of shear bands, which will contribute to improve the compressive fracture strength and plasticity of composite. Contrarily, the excessive interfacial reaction can weaken the interfacial cohesion so that the crack propagates along the interface rapidly and consequently the brittle fracture occurs. Introducing these materials, we made it possible to reduce the section of columns and beams, and to decrease a number of reinforcement.

As a result of the above mentioned method, we have gotten the satisfactory results; high constructability, shorter construction period, reduced resource requirements, and high quality. This is the reason that tensile stress at radial direction exceeds the ultimate tensile stress. Therefore, utilization ratio becomes high. Then, the shape of the blank and the most appropriate condition to draw are obtained by FEM. And experimental deep drawing is carried out by this condition. In this report, cylindrical, triangle, and box-shaped vessels are formed by experiment and FEM, and both results are examined. A structural characterisation (optical microscopy and XRD) of the as-received matrix material, as well as of the reinforced and non-reinforced rheocast material was performed. The phases identification will provide a basis for the understanding of the further processing where the rheocast material will be used as a precursor to produce functionally graded metal-matrix composites by centrifugal casting. View full-text Article Full-text available Distribution of Forces in Composite Concrete Slabs Between the Joint and the Reinforcement Anchored. The interaction of the two layers is based on the transmission of shear stresses in the joint surface. The results of tests for different composite concrete slabs presented here suggest that the interaction of the two concrete layers may depend on the suitable anchoring of the bottom reinforcement in a ring beam. The full anchoring of bottom reinforcement allowed to obtain the full load bearing capacity of the composite slab with no possibility of bond stress transmission in the joint surface. The distribution of forces between the joint surface and the bottom reinforcement anchored in the ring beam depends on the shape of the joint surface. The casting, consolidation and curing were conducted outdoors during dry and hot summer of Riyadh (Saudi Arabia).

Three groups of specimens were prepared using a good quality ready-mixed concrete. All specimens were tested 28 days after casting. Reinforced beams were tested under two point loads, and cores and cylinders were tested under direct compression. RIS BibTeX Plain Text What do you want to download. Citation only Citation and abstract Download ResearchGate iOS App Get it from the App Store now. Install Keep up with your stats and more Access scientific knowledge from anywhere or Discover by subject area Recruit researchers Join for free Login Email Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password. Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with LinkedIn Continue with Google Welcome back. Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with LinkedIn Continue with Google No account. Terms Privacy Copyright Imprint. STM is based on truss analogy and can be applied to many elements of concrete structures.With a reasonable amount of experience, it can help design engineers provide simple engineering solutions to complex structural problems. However, Eurocode 2 now includes STM, allowing and perhaps encouraging its more widespread use. Even so, there is little simple guidance within Eurocode 2 or indeed elsewhere. The intention of The Concrete Centre publication, Strut-and-Tie Models is therefore to give guidance and impart understanding of the method. A very simple example for the strut-and-tie design of a two-pile cap is shown below. B Although not usually critical for pile caps in a structural grade of concrete, in a full final design the stresses around the nodes and the capacity of the struts should be checked. C Some attention should also be given to reinforcement details, particularly anchorage which, when using strut and tie, is different to that using beam theory. Our aim is to enable all those involved in the design, use and performance of concrete and masonry to realise the potential of these materials.

The design features addressing the time-consuming aspects of the analysis and design process of the STM are presented. The extended analytical features facilitating research on the STM to exhibit good performance at serviceability and ultimate load levels are also described. The graphical modeling environment, which plays an important role in dealing with the graphically extensive design process in the STM, is briefly explained. Two application examples using this tool are provided to demonstrate the capabilities this tool offers.All rights reserved. While the STM provides a conceptually simple design methodology based on the lower-bound theorem of limit analysis, its implementation is usually complicated by the need to perform iterative and time-consuming calculations that involve extensive graphical representations of strut-and-tie models. However, since most of these programs were developed in university environments and thereby only used in small research groups, these programs have not aided practicing engineers, educators or the broader research community. A research programme was recently conducted to advance the STM for overcoming the aforementioned challenges. Designed to serve educational, design and research communities, a computer-based STM tool called CAST (computer aided strut-and-tie) was developed as the working platform for achieving the research objectives and as the product for the dissemination of the research results. This tool is the subject of this paper. As will be shown in the following sections, CAST serves many different purposes for many different groups, such as educators, designers, researchers and those wishing to promote the STM. CAST facilitates the instruction activities of educators and serves as an educational tool for students to explore the capabilities of the STM.Ac As tool to accomplish design of discontinuity regions according to relevant codes of practice.